Vitamin C in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) flower buds as affected by postharvest light,UV-B irradiation and temperature

In this study, the changes in vitamin C, l-ascorbic acid (AA) and l-dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) levels in broccoli flower buds were examined during pre-storage and storage periods, simulating refrigerated transport with wholesale distribution and retail, respectively. Broccoli heads were pre-stored for 4 or 7 days at 0 °C or 4 °C in the dark and then stored for 3 days at 10 °C or 18 °C. During storage the broccoli heads were exposed for 12 h per day to three different levels of visible light (13, 19 or 25 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) or a combination of visible light (19 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and UV-B irradiation (20 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹), or they were stored in the dark. The vitamin C content in broccoli flower buds during storage was significantly affected by pre-storage period and temperature. Higher vitamin C levels in flower buds after storage were observed for broccoli heads pre-stored for 4 days or at 0 °C as compared to those pre-stored for 7 days or at 4 °C. Storage temperature also affected vitamin C in broccoli flower buds, with higher levels observed for broccoli stored at 10 °C than at 18 °C. Hence, vitamin C in broccoli flower buds was demonstrated to decrease together with increasing pre-storage period, pre-storage temperature and storage temperature. AA in broccoli flower buds was influenced mainly by storage temperature and to a minor extent by pre-storage temperature. The DHA level and DHA/AA ratio were stable in flower buds of broccoli pre-stored for 7 days, whereas increasing tendencies for both DHA level and ratio were observed after pre-storage for 4 days. These results indicate a shift in the ascorbate metabolism in broccoli flower buds during storage at low temperatures, with its higher rate observed for broccoli pre-stored for shorter time. There were no effects of the light and UV-B irradiation treatments on vitamin C, AA and DHA levels in broccoli flower buds.     

Soil extracellular enzyme dynamics in a changing climate

Assays for extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) have become a common tool for studying soil microbial responses in climate change experiments. Nevertheless, measures of potential EEA, which are conducted under controlled conditions, often do not account for the direct effects of climate change on EEA that occur as a result of the temperature and moisture dependence of enzyme activity in situ. Likewise, the indirect effects of climate on EEA in the field, that occur via effects on microbial enzyme producers, must be assessed in the context of potential changes in plant and soil faunal communities. Here, EEA responses to warming and altered precipitation in field studies are reviewed, with the goal of evaluating the role of EEA in enhancing our understanding of soil and ecosystem responses to climate change. Seasonal and interannual variation in EEA responses to climate change treatments are examined, and potential interactions with elevated atmospheric CO₂, increased atmospheric N deposition and changes in disturbance regimes are also explored. It is demonstrated that in general, soil moisture manipulations in field studies have had a much greater influence on potential EEA than warming treatments. However, these results may simply reflect the low magnitude of soil warming achieved in many field experiments. In addition, changes in plant species composition over the longer term in response to warming could strongly affect EEA. Future challenges involve extending studies of potential EEA to address EEA responses to climate change in situ, and gaining further insights into the mechanisms, such as enzyme production, stabilization and turnover, that underlie EEA responses.     

中国土壤氮含量、空间格局及其环境控制

Soil holds the largest nitrogen （N） pool in terrestrial ecosystems, but estimates of soil N stock remain controversial. Storage and spatial distribution of soil N in China were estimated and the relationships between soil N density and environmental factors were explored using data from China＇s Second National Soil Survey and field investigation in northwest China and the Tibetan Plateau. China＇s soil N storage at a depth of one meter was estimated at 7.4 Pg, with an average density of 0.84 kg m^-2. Soil N density appeared to be high in southwest and northeast China and low in the middle areas of the country. Soil N density increased from the arid to semi-arid zone in northern China, and decreased from cold-temperate to tropical zone in the eastern part of the country. An analysis of general linear model suggested that climate and vegetation determined the spatial pattern of soil N density for natural vegetation, which explained 75.4% of the total variance.     

深圳市不同城市密度区中环芳烃的发生、来源及生态风险评估

Urbanization may cause increased exposure levels to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and associated health risks for over half of the world's population living in cities,but little evidence has shown a direct spatial relationship between urbanization and soil PAH pollution.Based on the monitored PAH concentrations in 188 topsoil(0-5 cm) samples in Shenzhen,the most rapidly developing city in China,in recent decades,we applied geographical demarcation to determine the occurrences,source apportionments,and spatial ecological risks of soil PAHs across five zones of varying urban densities.Mean concentrations of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) priority PAHs(Σ_(16)PAHs) and the 7 carcinogenic PAHs(Σ_7CarPAHs) both followed the order:Zone D(60%-80%constructive land density(CLD)) Zone E(80%-100%CLD) Zone C(40%-60%CLD) Zone B(20%-40%CLD) Zone A(0%-20%CLD),suggesting that the highest PAH levels occurred in the suburban-urban center transitional zone(Zone D) rather than the urban center zone(Zone E) in Shenzhen.There were significant correlations of Σ_(16)PAHs to TOC and sampling altitude across all samples but not within highly-urbanized regions(Zones D and E),implying a considerable disturbance of urbanization to the soil PAH pool.Source apportionments suggested that soil PAHs of all zones were mainly derived from fossil fuel combustion,with Zone E showing the highest contribution from oil sources among different zones.Spatial ecological risk analysis showed that the contaminated area(467 km~2;23.9%of total area;toxic equivalency quotients 33 ng g~(-1)) had a higher contribution from the highly-urbanized regions(Zones D and E) than the uncontaminated area(42.3%vs.18.1%).Overall,our study highlighted a strong spatial relationship between urbanization and soil PAH pollution.     

应急物流运输中的车辆调度策略分析

在城市突发公共事件应急体系中,应急物流管理对于提高应急响应能力、节约救援时间、降低生命财产损失具有重要的作用．本文结合应急物流的特征,研究了应急需求稀少和应急需求密集两种情况下的系统期望时间．通过对mSQM策略和TSP策略的渐近性分析,可以发现,当应急需求稀少时,mSQM策略可作为最优调度策略;当应急需求密集时,TSP策略尽管不是最优调度策略,但简单易行．     

不同用量SO2处理对两类葡萄冷藏中抗氧化性能的影响

用不同剂量的SO₂对两个葡萄品种进行处理，研究葡萄经SO₂处理后果梗、果肉的质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和抗氧化性能的变化情况。结果表明，在贮藏期间，葡萄的质膜透性随SO₂处理剂量的增加和时间的延长而增大，果梗和果肉中MDA含量增加。SO₂处理期间几种保护酶活性变化不同，超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先升后降的变化趋势，过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降。葡萄中抗氧化物质(Vc)在SO₂伤害(超量处理)下含量下降。两个供试品种的抗氧化系统对SO₂处理的反应存在一定差异。     

宏基因组学在红树林土壤微生物研究中的应用

红树林的土壤微生物群落蕴藏丰富的自然资源,但传统研究方法复杂、低效,而且只能获得极不完全的小部分信息,近年来兴起的宏基因组学克服了这些缺点。介绍了宏基因学的主要研究方法,在此基础上总结了宏基因组学在红树林土壤微生物多样性、空间分布特征、土壤理化性质与微生物群落结构之间的关系、土壤微生物代谢产物4个方面的具体应用,最后对该领域未来的研究方向提出了展望。     

超临界水氧化压力条件对剩余污泥处理效果的影响

在不同压力条件下,采用超临界水氧化法处理剩余污泥。对化学需氧量(COD)、总氮、氨氮的去除效果及总磷、正磷酸盐的变化规律进行了研究,并对处理后的固体产物进行了分析。结果表明,随着反应压力增大,反应后出水水质较好,COD去除效果提高,COD去除率最高为95.80%;随反应压力增大,总氮去除效果提高,总氮去除率最高为85.27%;总氮主要以游离氨和铵离子形式存在,氨氮去除率最高为50.81%。反应压力在27 MPa时,液相中正磷酸盐的转化率达到97.23%。反应后污泥中的磷元素主要以磷酸盐形式存在于污泥残渣中。处理后残渣主要还包含O、Si、Al、Fe,P,S和Ca。超临界水氧化技术处理剩余污泥具有较好的无害化和减量化效果。